Cell fusion promoter and utilization of the same

ABSTRACT

It is intended to provide a regeneration promoter for regenerating a tissue with the use of somatic stem cells. It is also intended to provide a cell fusion promoter safely usable in vivo. Namely, it is intended to provide a cell fusion promoter comprising ATP or its metabolite. A cell fusion promoter comprising ATP or its metabolite and a method of producing fused cells in the presence of ATP or its metabolite. A medicinal composition for regenerating or improving the function of a tissue or an organ, which suffers from dysfunction or hypofunction due to injury or denaturation, by using stem cells. This composition comprises ATP or its metabolite and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention provides a cell fusion promoter composed of ATP ora metabolite thereof and relates to a cell fusion promoter including ATPor a metabolite thereof as active ingredient as well as a method ofproducing cells (fused cells) which includes fusing cells in thepresence of ATP or a metabolite thereof.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition forfunctional regeneration or improvement with a stem cell for dysfunctionor hypofunction due to damage or degeneration of a living tissue ororgan, which includes ATP or a metabolite thereof and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, use of ATP or a metabolite thereof for producing thesame, and a therapeutic method of using the same.

BACKGROUND ART

Regeneration medicine has attracted attention as medical treatment forthe purpose of regenerating a cell, tissue or organ lost due to adisease or accident; or of recovering the function thereof. Regenerationmedicine also includes cell transplantation using living cells, such asskin transplantation and organ transplantation, and particularly inrecent years, the technology of differentiating stem cells into cellshaving the function of each tissue thereby regenerating an organ ortissue which is not capable of spontaneous regeneration or recoveringthe function thereof has been developed, and generation medicineutilizing this technology attract attention.

Stem cells are juvenile, undifferentiated parent cells havingself-regenerating ability as a source growing into a tissue or organ forreplenishing cells approaching death. Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)derived from embryos attract attention, but cannot become autologouscells without nuclear transfer to somatic cells, thus causingimmunological rejection upon transplantation and requiring necessity forgenetic recombination, confirmation of HLA compatibility, andsimultaneous use of an immunosuppressant. Attention is focused onutilization of somatic stem cells (tissue stem cells, organ stem cells)as autologous cells with no risk of immunologicals rejection.Accordingly, a method of separating mesenchymal stem cells from mammals(see patent document 1), a method of culturing the same (see patentdocument 2), and novel somatic stem cells (see patent document 3) havealso been applied for patent.

Somatic stem cells are differentiated in such a predetermined directionthat they are changed into tissue cells in which they occur, and thus itis considered difficult for somatic stem cells to regenerate tissuesfrom which they cannot be collected, but it was nevertheless found thatmany somatic stem cells have the property of cellular differentiationwhich is different from their original differentiation. Such property iscalled the plasticity of somatic stem cells. For example, it came to beknown that hematopoietic stem cells can be differentiated not only intoblood cells but into any cells such as hepatocytes, skeletal musclecells, neurons or the like. An approach to new regeneration medicineutilizing such property of somatic stem cells has been developed.

However, the regeneration of tissues or organs cannot be realized bymerely administering such stem cells into the living body. Fordifferentiation and growth of cells, the interaction of the cells withtheir ambient surroundings is very important, and the technology ofconstructing ambient surroundings suitable for stem cells administered(biomedical tissue technology) is necessary, so there still remain manyproblems for an approach to regeneration medicine. For example, a methodof repairing tissues by introducing a temperature-dependent polymer gelcomposition containing adenosine phosphate and the like into thecartilages and other tissues in order to support cell proliferation forrepairing and regenerating the tissues has also been applied for patent(see patent document 4).

With respect to the plasticity of somatic stem cells, there are twotheories, one of which propounds that the plasticity is attributable totransdifferentiation and the other of which propounds that theplasticity is attributable to cell fusion. For example, Alvarez-doladoet al. showed that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are naturally fusedin vitro with neuronal precursor cells, and reported that by bone-marrowtransplant, BMDCs are fused in vivo with hepatocytes, brain Purkinjecells and myocardial cells to form fused multinuclear cells (seenon-patent document 1). Vassilopoulos et al. reported that upontransplantation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the liver,the hematopoietic stem cells are fused with hepatocytes to regeneratethe liver (see non-patent document 2). It is also reported that afterhematopoietic stem cells were transplanted in the heart, the stem cellswere not recognized to be transdifferentiated into myocardial cells ingenetic study with a mouse having a reporter gene as a gene expressedspecifically in myocardial cells (see non-patent document 3). Themechanism of the plasticity of somatic stem cells is examined from everyviewpoint but is still not completely elucidated.

Although the mechanism of the plasticity of somatic stem cells is notelucidated, there is a revealed possibility of new therapeutictechniques utilizing somatic stem cell plasticity wherein somatic stemcells are fused with cells of an organ or tissue thereby restructuring adamaged area without causing any immunological rejection.

Heart failure is a life-threatening severe disorder. In heart failureresulting from partial necrosis of heart muscle, even if the heartfailure is recovered, the heart muscle once necrotized cannot recoverand the patient is at risk of recurrence. Particularly, patients withdilated cardiomyopathy having bad prognosis are increasing, but noestablished therapeutic method therefor is found. Cardiactransplantation is a prosperous therapy, but owing to shortage ofdonors, there is a limit to treatment.

Myocardial cells, soon after birth, become adult myocardial cells nothaving proliferating ability. The heart muscle, when necrotized bymyocardial infarction or the like to form fiber tissue partially, willnot be reproduced again. The heart muscle having fiber tissue formedbecomes thinner, to fail to maintain the pumping ability of the heart,thus making maintenance of heart function difficult.

In recent years, it is attempted to regenerate heart function bytransplanting cells directly into the heart with deterioration of heartfunction. As cells used in transplantation, it is reported to use thefollowing cells: embryonic myocardial cells (see non-patent documents 4and 5), skeletal muscle blast cells that are skeletal muscle progenitorcells (see non-patent documents 6 and 7), and bone marrow cells exposedto a demethylating agent 5-azacytidine (see non-patent document 8). Inany of these reports, animal models are used, and clinical applicationsare also conducted. For example, Hamano et al. transplanted autologousbone marrow cells into 5 patients with ischemic heart disease. As aresult, they has reported that amelioration of ischemic heart diseaseare recognized in 3 of 5 patients (see non-patent document 9). Straueret al. injected autologous bone marrow cells by catheter into a site ofcardiac infarction of patients with acute cardiac infarction. As aresult, they has reported that after 3 months, shrinkage of the site ofinfarction and amelioration of heart function are recognized (seenon-patent document 10).

Although the mechanism for amelioration of heat function by celltransplantation is unrevealed, the amelioration is estimated to beattributable to cell fusion from the above-mentioned genetic examinationreporting that there was no recognized transdifferentiation intomyocardial cells (see non-patent document 3). In myocardial cells andskeletal muscle cells, multinuclear cells are present, and in skeletalmuscle cells, a large number of nuclei are present at the periphery ofthe cells, and in myocardial cells, 1 or 2 to 3 nuclei are present inthe center of the cell.

Cell fusion is a technique used widely in production of antibody and thelike, and in addition to viruses such as Sendai virus, compounds such aspolyethylene glycol is used as compounds for inducing cell fusion.However, such cell fusion techniques are intended for in vitro use, andthese cell fusion promoters when applied to in vivo regenerationmedicine may cause fusion of organ cells other than the objective cells,which makes application to clinical medicine substantially verydifficult. In restructure of a damaged site of an organ or tissue bycell fusion with stem cells, no chemical is known at present forpromoting cell fusion of the organ or tissue with stem cells.

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-open (JP-A) No.    2003-052365-   [Patent Document 2] JP-A No. 2003-052360-   [Patent Document 3] JP-A No. 2004-024246-   [Patent Document 4] JP-A No. 2004-501682-   [Non-Patent Document 1] Alvarez-dolado, M., et al., Nature, 425,    968-973 (2003)-   [Non-Patent Document 2] Vassilopoulos, G., et al., Nature, 422,    901-904 (2003)-   [Non-Patent Document 3] Murry, C. E., et al., Nature, 428, 664-668    (2004)-   [Non-Patent Document 4] Leor, J., et al., Circulation, 94,    II332-II336 (1996)-   [Non-Patent Document 5] Li, R. K., et al., Ann. Thorac. Surg., 62,    654-661 (1996)-   [Non-Patent Document 6] Murry, C. E., et al., J. Clin. Invest., 98,    2512-2523 (1996)-   [Non-Patent Document 7] Scorsin, M., et al., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc.    Surg., 119, 1169-1175 (2000)-   [Non-Patent Document 8] Tomita, S., et al., J. Thorac. Cardiovasc.    Surg., 123, 1132-1140 (2002)-   [Non-Patent Document 9] Hamano, K., et al., Jpn. Circ. J., 65,    845-847 (2001)-   [Non-Patent Document 10] Strauer, B. E., et al., Circulation, 106,    1913-1918 (2002)

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention

The present invention provides a regeneration promoter for regeneratinga tissue by utilizing somatic stem cells. The present invention alsoprovides a cell fusion promoter which can be used safely in the livingbody.

Although the mechanism of the plasticity of somatic stem cells is stillnot sufficiently elucidated, the theory that plasticity attributable tocell fusion is becoming dominant. In the process of differentiation andgrowth of somatic stem cells administered, cell fusion also has anadvantage that cell fusion with surviving somatic cells makes itunnecessary to construct ambient surroundings suitable for somatic stemcells administered, for example an anchorage for forming tissue.Accordingly, if there were a cell fusion promoter usable safely in theliving body, damaged living tissue would be regenerable by using varioussomatic stem cells. In particular, skeletal muscle cells and myocardialcells occur originally as multinucleate cells, so there is no particularproblem in multinucleation of the cells by cell fusion.

The present invention provides a cell fusion promoter for regeneratingdamaged living tissue.

Means for Solving by the Problems

The present inventors examined fixation of stem cells to a damaged sitein regeneration medicine using stem cells, and focused attention on thefact that cell fusion is suitable as a method of fixing stem cells to adamaged site without constructing ambient surroundings suitable for stemcells, that is, without constructing an anchorage for fixing the cells,and they further extensively studied cell fusion. As a result, theinventors found that ATP or a metabolite thereof promotes cell fusion,particularly cell fusion between somatic cells and stem cells.

That is, the present invention provides a cell fusion promoter includingATP or a metabolite thereof and relates to a cell fusion promoterincluding ATP or a metabolite thereof as an active ingredient. Thepresent invention also relates to a method of producing fused cells inthe presence of ATP or a metabolite thereof.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition forfunctional regeneration or improvement with a stem cell for dysfunctionor hypofunction due to damage or degeneration of a living tissue ororgan, which includes ATP or a metabolite thereof and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. Further, the present invention relates to use of ATPor a metabolite thereof for producing a pharmaceutical composition forfunctional regeneration or improvement with a stem cell for dysfunctionor hypofunction due to damage or degeneration of a living tissue ororgan, which includes ATP or a metabolite thereof and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. Furthermore, the present invention relates to amethod of treating a disease based on dysfunction or hypofunction due todamage or degeneration of a living tissue or organ, which includesadministering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositionincluding ATP or a metabolite thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier to a patient with the disease.

In the present invention, the action of ATP in cells is revealed for thefirst time, and the promoting action of ATP or a metabolite thereof oncell fusion has been revealed. The cell fusion is not only useful forproduction of monoclonal antibody but also very useful for regenerationof a living tissue or organ, and the utilization of cell fusion inregeneration and growth of somatic cells has been expected particularlysince the plasticity of somatic stem cells was found in recent years.

The present invention provides a cell fusion promoter for in vitro or invivo cell fusion, and any substances used as the active ingredient ofthe present invention are highly safe substances produced in the livingbody, thus significantly contributing to the medical field utilizingcell fusion and antibody manufacturing field.

Many of muscular cells such as myocardial cells occur as multinucleatecells, and the fused cells produced by the method of the presentinvention can be used directly as cells in the living body, and thus thepresent invention is extremely useful for regeneration medicine,particularly regeneration medicine for myocardial cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a color photograph of fluorescence-immunostainedco-culturedmyocardial cells and bone marrow cells observed under afluorescence microscope.

FIG. 2 is a graph of fluorescence-immunostained co-cultured myocardialcells and bone marrow cells analyzed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the result of groups of myocardial cells andbone marrow cells to which 0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM or 3 mM ATP were added atthe time of co-culture thereof, as analyzed by the same flow cytometryas in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the ratio (%), based on the result in FIG. 3,of the number of fused cells to the total number of cells in each groupto which ATP was added.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

ATP or a metabolite thereof in the present invention includes ATP(adenosine 5′-triphosphate) or substances recognized as metabolites orhomologues thereof in the living body, such as ADP (adenosine5′-diphosphate), AMP (adenylic acid), 5′-inosinic acid or the like. Aningredient including ATP or one or more metabolites thereof can be used,and usually ATP is easily and preferably used. ATP or a metabolitethereof in the present invention may form a salt, and the salt is notparticularly limited insofar as it is pharmaceutically acceptable. Thesalt of ATP or a metabolite thereof is preferably an alkali metal saltsuch as sodium salt or potassium salt or an alkaline earth metal saltsuch as magnesium salt or calcium salt.

The cell fusion promoter of the present invention includes theabove-mentioned ATP or a metabolite thereof as an active ingredient andcan be used if necessary as a cell fusion promoting compositioncomprising ATP and a metabolite thereof and a carrier acceptable intreatment of cell fusion. The cell fusion promoter and/or cell fusionpromoting composition of the present invention can be used by adding itto a medium in which cells are to be fused or administering it to theliving body.

The method of producing fused cells in the presence of ATP or ametabolite thereof in the present invention can be carried out by addingor administering ATP or a metabolite thereof in the present invention orthe cell fusion promoter or the cell fusion promoting composition, underusual conditions of cell fusion. The added or administered amount is notparticularly limited in such a range as not to cause side effects oncells. ATP or its metabolite itself in the present invention is asubstance capable of being present under usual conditions in the livingbody. The substance can thus be used in a large amount with lesstoxicity, and is used usually by adding it to a cell fusion medium at aconcentration of preferably 0.01 mM to 100 mM, 0.01 mM to 10 mM, 0.1 mMto 10 mM, or 0.1 mM to 3 mM, more preferably 1 mM to 3 mM.

The cells used in the cell fusion of the present invention can includevarious cells such as microbial cells, plant cells and animal cells,preferably animal cells, more preferably mammalian cells. The cellfusion of the present invention also includes cell fusion between immunecells and cancer cells, preferably cell fusion between somatic cells andstem cells. As the stem cells, either embryonic stem cells or somaticstem cells can be used, but from the viewpoint of using autologouscells, somatic stem cells are preferably used. The somatic stem cellsmay be any of mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells andneural stem cells, but bone marrow cells are preferable for the reasonof availability. The objective stem cells can be selected by purifyingand separating bone marrow cells prior to use.

In the cell fusion of the present invention, the cells to be fused arenot particularly limited and may be either cells outside the living bodyor cells inside the living body, and cells derived from various livingtissues or organs include, for example, those from tissues or organssuch as nerve, muscle (smooth, striated, cardiac), bone, cartilage,liver, kidney, pancreas, respiratory epithelium, hematopoietic cell,spleen, skin, hair, tooth, cornea, stomach and intestine, for example,hepatocyte, osteocyte, blood cell, immune cell, neurocyte, skeletalmuscle cell and myocardial cell. The cell formed by the cell fusion ofthe present invention is a binucleated cell, and thus the fusion cell ispreferably a cell capable of surviving as a binucleate cell andexhibiting the objective function. Such cells include immune cell,skeletal muscle cell and myocardial cell.

In the case of immune cells for example, specific immune cells can befused in vivo or in vitro by the method of the present invention, theninduced for differentiation, and anchored to a site induced to bedifferentiated in the living body.

Skeletal muscle cells are subjected to cell fusion in the presentinvention in a site with a decrease in skeletal muscle cells, therebyregenerating decreased skeletal muscles and usefully serving fortreatment of diseases such as muscular dystrophy. Myocardial cells canbe subjected to cell fusion in the present invention in a site withdeterioration of heart function due to such as cardiac infarction,thereby regenerating or improving heart function.

By the cell fusion of the present invention, the plasticity of stemcells can also be utilized. For example, a myocardial cell can be fusedwith a hematopoietic stem cell to regenerate a binucleate myocardialcell.

The cell fusion of the present invention enables easy and rapidregeneration in vitro or in vivo of fused cells having bodily functionsthereby repairing or ameliorating dysfunction or hypofunction in varioustissues or organs. Particularly, skeletal muscle cells and myocardialcells are originally multinucleate cells, thus making cell fusion easyand facilitating the cell fusion of the present invention withoutestablishing any particular conditions for cell fusion. The formedbinucleate cells are similar to the original multinucleate cells and canretain the function of the same kind.

A method of mixing and culturing two kinds of cells to be fused witheach other is convenient and preferable as the method of cell fusion invitro in the present invention. When conducted in vivo, the method ofthe invention can be carried out by transplanting cells to be fused, forexample somatic stem cells such as bone marrow cells, into a site wheredysfunction or hypofunction occurs due to damage or degeneration of aliving tissue or organ, followed by adding or administering the inventedcomposition containing an active ingredient composed of ATP or ametabolite thereof thereto.

In a site with much blood stream such as in heart, a somatic stem cellcontained in blood, such as hematopoietic stem cell, can be used as itis. In this case, the present composition containing an activeingredient composed of ATP or a metabolite thereof can be added oradministered to the site where dysfunction or hypofunction occurs due todamage or degeneration of a living tissue or organ.

In this case, the amount of ATP or a metabolite thereof used in thepresent invention is regulated preferably such that the concentration ofATP or a metabolite thereof becomes 0.01 mM to 100 mM, 0.01 mM to 10 mM,0.1 mM to 10 mM, or 0.1 mM to 3 mM, or 1 mM to 3 mM, in the site wheredysfunction or hypofunction occurs due to damage or degeneration of aliving tissue or organ.

The living tissue or organ in the present invention includes muscle,immune system, liver, heart, bone, cartilage, joint and the like,preferably heart and muscle where multinuclear cells occur. The damageor degeneration in the present invention include every kind ofdeformation such as defect, damage, denaturation, deformity and the likein cells that should originally occur. When the functions of surroundingnormal cells are disturbed by damage or degeneration, these degeneratedcells are preferably removed prior to the cell fusion of the presentinvention.

The dysfunction or hypofunction of the present invention encompassesevery dysfunction or hypofunction wherein the whole or a part of theoriginal function of a living tissue or organ is arrested as a whole ordecreased quantitatively. Application of the method of the presentinvention to the case where a part of such function is decreasedencompasses not only therapy but also prophylaxis.

The “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” in the pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present invention includes a vehicle, a diluent, afiller, a disintegrating agent, a stabilizer, a preserver, a bufferingagent, an emulsifier, an aromatic substance, a coloring agent, asweetener, a viscous substance, a flavoring substance, a solubilizingagent, and other additives. By using at least one of such carriers,pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared in the form of tablets,pills, powder, granules, injection, liquid, capsules, troches, liquid,suspension or emulsion. These pharmaceutical preparations can beadministered orally or parenterally, and parenteral administration ispreferable. The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention isadministered preferably by a method of direct injection into a tissue ororgan by intravenous injection, injection by catheter, or a surgicalmethod.

The amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the inventionadministered varies depending on the age, sex, weight and symptom of thepatient, therapeutic effect, administration method, treatment time, andthe type of the active ingredient contained in the pharmaceuticalcomposition, but is usually in the range of 1 mg to 5000 mg, preferably10 mg to 1000 mg, per adult for each administration. However, the amountof the pharmaceutical composition administered varied depending onvarious conditions, and thus an amount lower than the above amount maybe sufficient in some cases or an amount higher than the above range maybe necessary in other cases. Particularly the injection can be producedby dissolving or suspending the active ingredient at a concentration of0.1 μg/ml to 10 mg/ml in a nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriersuch as physiological saline or commercial distilled water forinjection.

The injection produced in this manner can be administered once orseveral times per day to a patient in need of treatment in an amount of50 μg to 100 mg, preferably 200 μg to 50 mg, per kg for eachadministration. Depending on the case, the injection can also beprepared as a non-aqueous diluent (for example, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol or vegetable oil such as olive oil, or an alcoholsuch as ethanol), a suspension or an emulsion. Asepticization of suchinjection can be carried out by sterilization through filtration with abacteria-retaining filter, by compounding the injection with asterilizing agent, or by irradiation. The injection can be produced in aform to be reconstituted at use. That is, a sterile solid compositioncan be prepared by a freeze-drying method and dissolved in steriledistilled water for injection or in another solvent prior to use.

The disease to which the regeneration medicine in the present inventionis expected to be applicable includes nervous system disorders such asParkinson's disease, marrow damage and Alzheimer's disease,cardiovascular disease such as cardiac infarction and dilatedcardiomyopathy, cutaneous diseases such as burn injury, traumaticcutaneous defect and bedsore, bone diseases such as traumatic bonydefect, traumatic cartilage defect, osteoporosis and periodontaldisease, and cataract, and the present invention is applied particularlypreferably to ischemic or non-ischemic heart diseases with decreasedleft ventricular function, such as cardiac infarction and dilatedcardiomyopathy.

Hereinafter, the operation of the invention is described in more detail,which is set forth for understanding of the invention and not intendedto limit the technical scope of the invention.

From a 1- to 2-day-old Wistar-Kyoto rat, the heart was removed, andmyocardial cells were isolated therefrom and cultured. Bone marrowmononuclear cells separated from the bone marrow of an EGFP (enhancedgreen fluorescent protein)transgenic rat were introduced into themyocardial cells, followed by co-culture thereof.

One week after co-culture, the cells were fixed with paraformaldehydeand then fluorescence-immunostained with MF20 (red) as myocardialcell-specific primary antibody and R-PE conjugated anti-mouse Igantibody as secondary antibody and observed under a fluorescencemicroscope. The resulting color photograph is shown in FIG. 1. In FIG.1, (A) is a photograph where a PE filter was used, (B) is a photographwhere a FITC filter was used, and (C) is a photograph where a PE/FITCdouble filter was used. The myocardial cells are MF 20-positive andshown in red, and the bone marrow cells are EGFP-positive and thus shownin green. As shown in the arrowed cells in (C) in FIG. 1, fused cellspositive to both MF20 and EGFP were recognized.

Flow cytometry was used to quantitatively determine the number of thesefused cells. The cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde in the samemanner as above, then fluorescence-immunostained in a suspended statewith primary antibody MF20, a biotin-conjugated anti-mouse antibody assecondary antibody and a streptavidin/PerCP-cye5.5 conjugate as tertiaryantibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. 50,000 cells were analyzed foreach analysis. The result is shown in the color graph in FIG. 2. In FIG.2, (A) shows cells in R1 gate, (B) shows cells in R2 gate, (C) showscells in R3 gate, and (D) shows cells in R4 gate. The cells in the gateR4 in FIG. 2 (D) were confirmed to be fused cells positive to both MF20and EGFP.

Then, according to a similar manner to that described above, ATP wasadded at a concentration of 0 mM (control), 1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mMrespectively to the myocardial cell/bone marrow cell co-culture system,and the number of fused cells was examined. Each group at thepredetermined concentration of ATP was stained in the same manner as inFIG. 2 and analyzed by flow cytometry. The results are shown in thegraphs in FIG. 3.

From these results, the ratio of fused cells (cells in the R4 gate) tothe total number of cells was calculated. The result is shown in thegraph in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the ratio (%) of the number of fused cellsto the total number of cells is shown on the ordinate, and theconcentration of ATP (0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mM) is shown on theabscissa. The asterisk (*) in FIG. 4 indicates significance (p<0.05)relative to the control group. As a result, it was confirmed that onlyabout 0.1% fused cells were formed in the control group in the absenceof ATP, while about 0.5% fused cells that are about 5-times as much asin the control group were formed in the group to which 1 or 2 mM ATP hadbeen added. In the group to which 1 or 2 mM ATP had been added, theratio of the number of fused cells was increased significantly ascompared with the control group.

Hereinafter, the present invention is described in more detail byreference to the Examples, but the present invention is not limited bythe Examples.

Example 1

According to the method of Minamino et al. (Minamino T., Gaussin V.,DeMayo F. J., et al., Circ. Res. 2001; 88:587-592), the heart wasremoved from a 1- to 2-day-old Wistar-Kyoto rat and myocardial cellswere isolated. The resulting myocardial cells were plated at a densityof 10⁵ cells/cm² onto each well of a 6-well plate and cultured in a DMEMmedium containing 10% FCS and penicillin-streptomycin.

Separately, the bone marrow was collected from the thigh bone and shinbone of a 8-week-old, EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)transgenic rat (Nippon SLC), and according to the method of Terada etal. (Naohiro Terada, Takashi Hamazaki, Masahiro Oka, et al., Nature2002; 416:542-545), its mononuclear cell component only was separated bythe percoll method. The resulting marrow mononuclear cells werere-suspended in a DMEM medium containing 10% FCS andpenicillin-streptomycin. This suspension was put to the above 6-wellplate on the second day of culture of the myocardial cells such that 10⁶marrow mononuclear cells were added to each well, followed by co-cultureof the cells.

After one week of co-culture, the cells were isolated individually with0.08% trypsin, spread onto, and bonded with, a 2-well Lab-Tek chamberslide, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, treated with 0.1% Triton X-100,fluorescence-immunostained with myocardial cell-specific primaryantibody MF20 (red) and R-PE conjugated anti-mouse Ig's antibody(BIOSOURCE) as secondary antibody, and observed under a fluorescencemicroscope. The result is shown in FIG. 1. As shown in the arrowed cellsin FIG. 1 (C), fused cells positive to both MF20 and EGFP wererecognized.

Then, the number of the fused cells was quantitatively determined byflow cytometry. After 1 week of co-culture, the cells were treated withtrypsin and fixed with paraformaldehyde in the same manner as above,fluorescence-immunostained in a suspended state with primary antibodyMF20 (labeled with PerCP-cye5.5 and captured as being positive to FL-3),biotin-conjugated anti-mouse Ig's antibody (BD Pharmingen) as secondaryantibody, and streptavidin/PerCP-cye5.5 conjugate (BD Pharmingen) astertiary antibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The result is shownin FIG. 2. 50,000 cells were analyzed for each analysis. The bone marrowcells were EGFP-positive and thus captured as FL-1-positive, and thecells in the gate R4 in FIG. 2 (D) were confirmed to be fused cellspositive to both MF20 and EGFP.

Example 2

ATP was added at a concentration of 0 mM (control), 1 mM, 2 mM and 3 mMrespectively to each well in the myocardial cell/bone marrow cellco-culture system shown in Example 1, and the number of fused cells wasexamined in the same manner as in Example 1. On the 3rd day and 5th dayof co-culture, floating cells were collected and the medium wasexchanged with fresh one containing ATP at the predeterminedconcentration.

The number of the fused cells was quantitatively determined by flowcytometry. After 1 week of co-culture, the cells were treated withtrypsin and fixed with paraformaldehyde in the same manner as in Example1, fluorescence-immunostained in a suspended state with primary antibodyMF20 (labeled with PerCP-cye5.5 and captured as being positive to FL-3),biotin-conjugated anti-mouse Ig's antibody (BD Pharmingen) as secondaryantibody, and streptavidin/PerCP-cye5.5 conjugate (BD Pharmingen) astertiary antibody, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The result is shownin FIG. 3. 50,000 cells were analyzed for each analysis. The bone marrowcells were EGFP-positive and thus captured as FL-1-positive, and thecells in the gate R4 in FIG. 3 (D) were confirmed to be fused cellspositive to both MF20 and EGFP. The number of the fused cells in thegroup to which 1 mM or 2 mM ATP had been added was confirmed to behigher than in the control group.

The percentage (%) of the fused cells in the total cells in each of theanalyzed groups is shown in a graph. The results are shown in FIG. 4. Inthe group to which 1 or 2 mM ATP had been added, the ratio of the numberof fused cells was increased significantly as compared with the controlgroup.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The present invention provides a composition having a promoting actionon cell fusion and is useful in the industrial field utilizing cellfusion for example the antibody manufacturing field and thepharmaceutical field and is industrially applicable.

1-40. (canceled)
 41. A method of producing a fused cell fortransplanting into a subject in need of regeneration treatment, themethod comprising: administering to a stem cell and a somatic cell exvivo ATP in an amount and at a concentration sufficient to cause thefusion of the stem cell and the somatic cell, thereby producing a fusedcell for transplanting into a subject in need of regeneration treatment.42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the stem cell is a somaticstem cell.
 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the somaticstem cell is a bone marrow cell.
 44. The method according to claim 41,wherein the somatic cell is a myocardial cell.
 45. The method accordingto claim 41, wherein the stem cell is administered to the subject at asite where dysfunction or hypofunction occurs due to cardiac damage ordegeneration to regenerate or improve a cardiac cell, tissue or organ.46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the stem cell is anautologous cell.
 47. The method according to claim 45, wherein saidcardiac damage or degeneration is ischemic heart disease due to heartfailure.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the heart failureis attributable to heart infarction.
 49. The method according to claim41, wherein the concentration of ATP is between 1 mM-3 mM.
 50. A methodof producing a fused cell in a subject in need of regenerationtreatment, the method comprising: administering to a subject in need ofsuch treatment a stem cell and ATP in an amount and at a concentrationsufficient to cause the fusion of the stem cell and a somatic cell inthe subject.
 51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the stem cellis a somatic stem cell.
 52. The method according to claim 51, whereinthe somatic stem cell is a bone marrow cell.
 53. The method according toany one of claim 50, wherein the somatic cell is a myocardial cell. 54.The method according to claim 50, wherein the stem cell is administeredto the subject at a site where dysfunction or hypofunction occurs due tocardiac damage or degeneration to regenerate or improve a cardiac cell,tissue or organ.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the stemcell is an autologous cell.
 56. The method according to claim 55,wherein said cardiac damage or degeneration is ischemic heart diseasedue to heart failure.
 57. The method according to claim 56, wherein theheart failure is attributable to heart infarction.
 58. The methodaccording to claim 50, wherein the concentration of ATP is between 1mM-3 mM.
 59. The method according to claim 50, wherein the ATP isadministered in a pharmaceutical composition comprising said ATP and apharmaceutical carrier.
 60. The method according to claim 50, whereinthe method further comprises administering a somatic cell.
 61. A methodof treatment for functional regeneration or improvement of a cell,tissue or organ in a subject, the method comprising: transplanting astem cell into the subject at a site where dysfunction or hypofunctionoccurs due to cardiac damage or degeneration; and administering to thesubject ATP in an amount and at a concentration sufficient to cause thefusion of the stem cell and a somatic cell, wherein the ATP isadministered at the time of or after the transplant, therebyregenerating or improving the cell, tissue or organ in the subject. 62.The method according to claim 61, wherein the stem cell is a somaticstem cell.
 63. The method according to claim 62, wherein the somaticstem cell is a bone marrow cell.
 64. The method according to claim 62,wherein the somatic cell is a myocardial cell.
 65. The method accordingto claim 61, wherein the concentration of ATP is between 1 mM-3 mM. 66.The method according to claim 61, wherein the ATP is administered in apharmaceutical composition comprising said ATP and a pharmaceuticalcarrier.
 67. A method of treatment for functional regeneration orimprovement of a cell, tissue or organ in a subject, the methodcomprising: fusing a pre-transplanted stem cell with a myocardial cellex vivo in the presence of ATP; and transplanting the stem cell into thesubject at a site where dysfunction or hypofunction occurs due tocardiac damage or degeneration, thereby regenerating or improving thecell, tissue or organ in the subject.
 68. The method according to claim67, wherein the stem cell is a somatic stem cell.
 69. The methodaccording to claim 68, wherein the somatic stem cell is a bone marrowcell.
 70. The method according to claim 67, wherein the stem cell is anautologous cell.
 71. The method according to claim 67, wherein theconcentration of ATP is between 1 mM-3 mM.
 72. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a stem cell, ATP in an amount and at aconcentration sufficient to cause the fusion of the stem cell and asomatic cell, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 73. Thepharmaceutical composition according to claim 72, wherein theconcentration of ATP is between 1 mM-3 mM.
 74. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 72, the pharmaceutical compositionfurther comprising a somatic cell to the subject.